COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA COMMITTEE ON PARKS, RECREATION AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS Room 400, City Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Monday, May 24, 2010 11:15 a.m. PRESENT: COUNCILWOMAN BLONDELL REYNOLDS BROWN, CHAIR COUNCILWOMAN JANNIE BLACKWELL COUNCILMAN FRANK DiCICCO COUNCILMAN CURTIS JONES, JR. COUNCILWOMAN MARIA D. QUINONES-SANCHEZ BILL 100283 - An ordinance renaming and designating the 39th and Olive Street Playground in Mantua as the "Norman (Butch) Ellis Playground." - - - 2
Good morning. Can we invite our witnesses to please come sit so we can see you, those who will be testifying. Please join us right in the front behind the railing. Good morning. The City Council Committee on Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs is now a public hearing to hear testimony on Bill No. 100283. I would like to acknowledge the members of this Committee, starting from my extreme right, Councilman Frank DiCicco, Vice-Chair of this Committee, Councilman Curtis Jones, and member of this Committee, Councilwoman Jannie Blackwell, wherein this effort sits. I would like to ask the Clerk to please read the title of Bill No. 20 100283.
An ordinance 22 renaming and designating the 39th and Olive Street Playground in Mantua as the "Norman (Butch) Ellis Playground."
Thank you 3 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 very much. I would like to ask any one of my Councilmembers to please provide opening remarks on this bill. Councilwoman.
Thank you. Thirty-ninth and Olive Street Playground is synonymous with the name of Norman "Butch" Ellis. We have so many people here from Mantua. We invite those who would like to testify to testify, and would other members -- would everybody from Mantua please stand. I would like the Committee to know that you're here. And we're here because we all love Butch. And Butch was the one who single-handedly always called all of these folks out. We had affairs there. He fed the community there, paint-up, clean-up, fix-up. When we contacted the Commissioner, she knew of him. She came out. This is where we started the discussion about trying to cover the pool in the summer and the 4 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 Recreation Department didn't want to do it. Butch said, How come we can't keep it clean in between seasons, and everything about it, from Jane Golden at the murals. Everything involving that playground Butch Ellis was a leader of. And so we're all here because we love him, always will. And, Stephanie, we know that time means nothing when you -- love lives on forever. We love him, and he certainly deserves this honor, and we thank you all for coming. (Applause.)
We thank you very, very much, Councilwoman Jannie Blackwell. And now we would like to call up a number of individuals to testify on behalf of this bill. Please, I would like to ask to come to the witness table Deputy Commissioner Leo Dignam on behalf of our Recreation Commissioner, Susan Slawson. 5 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 And let me please acknowledge in attendance another member of this Committee, Councilwoman Maria Quinones-Sanchez. (Witness approached witness table.)
Good morning. DEPUTY COMMISSIONER DIGNAM: Good morning. Thank you, Madam Chair. Good morning, Councilmembers. My name is Leo Dignam. I'm the Deputy Commissioner of the Recreation Department, Program Division, for the City of Philadelphia. I appear before you to present testimony in support of Bill No. 100283 that authorizes naming a playground located at 39th and Olive Street in Mantua as the "Norman (Butch) Ellis Playground." The Department has no 22 objections to renaming the playground or naming the playground. Butch Ellis served the community as founder and coordinator of MASCO, Mantua 39th and 6 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 Aspen Street Community Organization, and provided a variety of educational and recreational programs for members of the community there for many years. Mr. Ellis was a great support to our staff and to the community members alike. Thank you for the opportunity to testify for this bill.
Thank you very, very much for your testimony. Any questions for this witness? (No response.)
Well, then thank you very much. DEPUTY COMMISSIONER DIGNAM: Thank you.
Let us now invite up Morris Ellis, brother of Butch Ellis -- Maurice. Forgive me. Maurice Ellis, brother of Butch Ellis, and Stephanie Ellis, widow of -- please join him at the witness table. (Witnesses approached witness table.) 7 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283
Please be seated, sir. Let me just state for the record and make it clear that I too started my roots in Mantua, as Councilwoman Jannie Blackwell well knows.
And I'm a graduate of McMichael School. So I've learned of the wonderful work of Butch shortly after I returned there in college, and the greatest hope is that we could have a lot of clones of Butch. So as Councilwoman Jannie Blackwell said, let's appreciate and celebrate his good work and his memory and how we want to keep his work alive. Please, if you would state your name for the record and offer any testimony.
My name is Maurice Ellis, Sr. I'm Norman Butch Ellis brother, one of his younger siblings. I 8 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 represent the Mantua area, and it will give me great honor and pleasure to be here today in acknowledgement of my brother hard work for the community that he had done. Over the past years, I've been involved with him in a lot of his activities. And it just throws a lot of chills through my heart and through my family. It is a great privilege for me to be here today. I want to thank you again for having us to be here to speak. His wife is unable to speak at this present moment, and I'm going to do the testimony for our whole family. Norman Ellis had done plenty of work in the neighborhood, dedicated all his hard-earned hours and even jeopardized his own family life-style to maintain the community, helping the senior citizens, those in need, unprivileged, the young children. He had activity of art and a whole lot of other activities that he was doing for the 9 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 community. It's a little hard for me to say all the things that he has done, but I just want to say I just want to thank Councilwoman and I want to thank this board for giving my family an opportunity to be here and renaming of the playground. Once it is renamed, I will be fully responsible and involved with helping maintain it and keeping it in order. And in honor of the whole family, I just want to thank you again.
Well, we thank you very much for your testimony. Comments or remarks from any members of the Committee? (No response.)
Well, we thank you for your continued devotedness and commitment to sustain the work he has started. That's a huge commitment.
Thank you very much. 10 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 If we could please invite to the witness table Ms. Mary Jenkins, President Emeritus, President forever of Mantua Community Planners. (Witness approached witness table.)
Bring the mike close to you. State your name for the record and proceed with your testimony.
Lord, help me through this. My name is Mary Jenkins, mother of Mantua. The other half of my name is Elder Jenkins. I thank God just to be here. As I said, Lord, help me through this, because Butch was more than just a co-worker and a community worker. He was my son. That young man, when he was a young boy, spent many hours in my home with my son. I had a lot of boys, but he was one of the boys that never talked that much, but whenever he talked, he had 11 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 something to say. And I miss him so much, because no matter what I needed to get done, he would just come up, just walk up. It's just like the spirit said, Go see what she want. Oh, I miss that boy. I miss him so much. It's just like he's still here, and he will be with me for a long, long time. Just last week, the week before last, I didn't feel good. I went to the emergency ward, and they kept me. And I said, Lord, where is Butch? Because if he went around the house and I wasn't there and Manny said she's at the hospital, he would have been there, saying, Now, what did you do? I can't express in words what a legacy is here, because he was a young man that got involved in a lot of things. He sat down with me one day and he said, Momma, I'm cutting the foolishness out. We got things to do. He said, I'm going to do what you say do. And he just like made a U-turn with his life and began to 12 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 build all around him. Nothing was too hard for him. The days was not long enough for him. If I called him at midnight, he was there and never said a mumbling word. I just hope and pray, as I look at the young men that I'm involved with now, that they can follow in some of his footsteps. I know they can't follow -- they won't be able to follow in all of them, but I had some young men to come to me just last week and said, I'm going to join the team. I'm going to get busy. He said, The time is now. And I said to him, The time is now. Every day God gives you a new day. You have an assignment. Ask him what do he want you to do, and you go out and do your very best, do the best you can, and when the sun set, say, Thank you, God, I made it through this day. And if it's his will that you rise the next day and you see there's a new day that you didn't know you was going to see, Lord, what do you 13 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 want me to do? Don't worry about my agenda. I want to follow your agenda. Those were some of the things that I instilled in Butch when he changed his real -- he was just all over the place. He just like narrowed his life down and made a U-turn, and he just came out in the ven yard and began to work. And you're talking about work? He worked from sun up to sun down, and get up at 5 o'clock in the morning and start all over again. I thank God for him. I thank God for the spirit he left behind, and I thank God for all those who gave him strength when he wasn't feeling well or just tired. And I thank God for my Councilwoman, Ms. Blackwell, because he used to say to me, We got to talk to Jannie about this. We got to talk to Ms. Blackwell about this. He said, We can't let this happen. Let's go, let's go, let's go talk to Ms. Blackwell. She left a lot of strength for 14 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 others to follow just being around Butch, because she was one person that he had so much respect for. He had respect for all people, but it was something she would say to him, and he would say, I know, I know, I know, and he just go on out with it and get the work done. I'm not going to talk anymore, because there's so much I could say about this young man, because he's mine. He's one of mine, but he was one of mine that was always there. Whenever I need something done, he was there, and it was never too hard, never too late and never too early. I'm in the process of writing a poem about him, and I'm going to make copies of it and give it to the corner boys.
I have a lot of corner boys, and I want them to have this poem, because he related to that poem. And I believe that God gave enough in Butch to spread out just like a flower and the seeds blow in the wind, and I believe some of those 15 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 seeds are going to take root, and I'm praying that they do. Again, I thank God. I thank God for his family and those who worked with him so diligently and was there for all of us in Mantua. God bless you. And pray for us, because we have a lot of work to do. Every ending is a new beginning. Butch is home now. He's with peace and happiness all the time, but he left the door open for us to follow, and we must do that. Thank you and God bless you.
Well, Ms. Elder Jenkins, Mary Jenkins, Ms. Jenkins, allow me -- if you would, be seated. Be seated for a moment. We need to -- I need to seize the moment, because you have been a mentor to many. I came back to Mantua in 1976 and started out as a block captain and then went on to become a committee person and became active down there, and you were always, 16 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 always, always, always willing, through a phone call or a face-to-face, to offer advice and guidance and instruction. So know that you've touched the lives of many, including me. Thank you very much.
If we could now ask Rick Young, President of Mantua Community Improvement Committee, to come to the witness table. (Witness approached witness table.)
Good morning. I'd like to take the time to thank Council for this opportunity to speak on behalf of Butch Ellis and the potential renaming the playground after him and his family. And, again, my name is Rick Young, Executive Director for Mantua Community Improvement Committee, as well as one of the developers in Mantua. 17 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 Currently, my last experience with Butch is the building of the supermarket that's been so needed in the community for the last past years. 6 We've been working on it. And we talked 7 to Butch. Butch last conversation is 8 that, you know, We really need to get 9 this supermarket. And one of the hardest 10 things that has been is to get a vendor, 11 and, finally, we have a vendor in Shop 12 Rite. I'd like to say that Butch is 13 very, very, very supportive of that, and 14 he's been one of the many reasons that's 15 going to happen. And I think this is a 16 small token of the City's and the 17 community's generosity for some of the 18 things that he's done over the period of 19 time. 20 Mr. Ellis and Butch is sort of, 21 I guess you can kind of call, my old 22 heads. We used to live across the street 23 from each other, and I grew up with their 24 younger brother, and it's been more 25 family than it's been friendship or 18 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 partners. And the Councilwoman would call Butch or she would call me or she would name Butch and Rick kind of and Ms. Jenkins all in the same sentence. If I wasn't there, Butch was there and vice versa. If Butch wasn't there, I was there or Ms. Jenkins was there. So, again, on behalf of Mantua, MCIC, Mantua community, the development team, we look forward to continuing Butch legacy with the good things that he's done in the community and possibly the renaming of a street after Butch to kind of just to keep that legacy on. But I think this playground is a wonderful idea that he had. His organization, I think, in the past years, they've been having 20 their reunion. Most people in the, I 21 guess, in the City would probably call it 22 gangs, but it's more than a gang, because 23 it's something that they don't do 24 anymore, but for the last 25 years when 25 it was 39th Street and Empire and The 19 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 Hub, everybody now just has a day of reunion, and more so it's a family reunion, and Butch has been doing it and taking care of that playground for the last to 30 years. So I think it's a 7 great honor, and thank you for having me 8 speak on his behalf. 9
We thank 10 you very, very much for your testimony. 11 Councilwoman Blackwell. 12
Thank 13 you very much. 14 I see the men who keep Mantua 15 clean. Would you stand up, please. And 16 this is Mantua Community Improvement 17 Committee as well. 18 (Applause.) 19
And I 20 will tell you, Mantua was one of the 21 poorest areas in the City. We had the 22 Lex Street Massacre, the worst massacre 23 in the history of the City. Now when you 24 go to Mantua, if you knock on a door on 25 Lex Street, a senior is going to come out 20 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 and greet you. Now when you go to Mantua, the streets are clean. People care about one another. Mantua is a historic community because it withstood university expansion. So everybody there is related or grew up together. Their parents grew up together. Their grandparents grew up together, and, therefore, it is a unique community. And as was said, whatever we needed, I would call Ms. Jenkins, call Butch, call Rick, and it was all done, no 14 matter what it was. And certainly Butch was available, as has been said, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. And we're having our annual cookout, everybody's birthday party, July the 16th, and we always had Butch out there cooking, Rick out there cooking. We had their grills. Ms. Jenkins isn't even well and is always everywhere. Whenever we call, she's there. I talk to her all the time now. It was their grills. In fact, at our last meeting, the last time I saw Butch, 21 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 Ms. Jenkins called and said, Pick me up, we're going to the meeting. This was at 38th and Brown, as you all know, at the office, and when we went there, Butch came in and Butch said, I'm sick, but, you know, we have the seniors coming in on Monday, the people coming in, you got to have the food ready. I need some of you to step up to the plate, because I can't do it. The last time -- the week before he died -- he only lived, what, a couple days later -- he was in his office trying to get people to make sure when the food came in, that they would get it to the seniors and those who needed it. So no matter what it was, he gave 100 percent of himself. His heart was there to his community. And, you know, people like this, you can't pay. You can't -- there's nothing you can do, because it is who they are, and they would do it and will do it as long as they can, and Butch did it as long as he 22 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 could. He was there. He was sick. He came out. Reesie brought him out, and he let everybody know that he was there and that they would have to step up to the plate, but always worried about taking care of his community. And so we applaud him in this Committee, with our Chair and the other members of this Committee, honoring him. Certainly we honor all of you and we express the love and respect that we have, one for the other and for us all, so that we may continue to have his legacy live on as long as we live on and those behind us do. Thank you very much, Madam Chair.
Is there anyone else to testify on this bill? (Witness approached witness 23 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 table.)
Please state your name for the record and proceed with your testimony.
My name is Johnny Durham. I'm now the sitting President of MASCO that Butch had. I took his place. And we've been together for most of all our lives, because I've been knowing Butch since he was a teenager with my baby brother, and he was one of my, what you call, my young boys. And we used to sit in the playground. It was a mess. That playground was like no apparatus for the kids, nothing for the kids to do, just come in and they were just trashing the place. But we would have a reunion there every year to bring all the people in Mantua together, and Butch said, What's brewing? We need a better place. So he got with Jannie, said, We need a 24 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 better playground. It's a mess. We need paver, we need apparatus, we need basketball courts, and we would like to have a pool, if we can get one. So all that got in the work, and so they started coming. Jannie and Sharif Street came and surveyed it one day, and they said, Okay, well, you need a lot of work done. It's going to take a lot of money, but we will get together and get it done. They came in, they redone the whole playground. They put in basketball courts, they put in a pool, they put everything in there, and we started having like food programs in the summer feeding kids to come in. And then Butch said, Well, we need more. The neighborhood is going down. We need housing. He got with Union Hill Contractors. They came in, they put the houses in. But they wasn't exactly where he wanted them, but he said, But they're here. It's a start. So the Union Hill 25 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 said, We're going to develop more, but we need more participation in the neighborhood, the people. So the people started coming. And Butch would like have our reunions and put everybody name on T-shirts, their paths, who is who and where you at. Well, if you ain't on that T-shirt, then we'll find you alive, you know. So many things that he always wanted for the neighborhood, for his friends, because he never forgets his old friends. He'd go all out. His last breath was old friends. And like he say, old friends and new friends are good, but the old friends bring the new friends in. So he was always there for everybody. I can always call and he'd say, Johnny, you taking care of your mother? My mother is 98. He said, You ain't got to do this running. I'll do the running. You just be there to support me and help me out and help keep the guys together so we can make this 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 community work. Because when we first started MASCO, we had a meeting in the playground, we had nowhere to go, and it started raining on us. We said, We go down Johnny's house and we have meetings down there, because I was close, because I'm always in the neighborhood, but I never left Mantua. I've been down there all my life. I'm 68 years old now. So we had meetings in my house. They said, We need our own headquarters. We don't need to be going to nobody's house. So we got with Jannie. We got this house. It was a wreck, but he put it together and he said, Well, we ain't got the money to fix it all up. He borrowed money with his wife. They borrowed money to help get the house together, and then we started getting together, got grass, helped pay for it, and now the house is still standing. We still got our offices there. We still open for the community. We still doing the work that he started us to do, and we 27 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 try to -- it's not easy now to catch up, because Butch has gotten far ahead of us a little bit, but we're working at it, and Jannie and all of them helping us and advising us to keep it going. And the playground is vital to that area, because it brings the people in. The kids are doing more respect. Mural Arts came and put a park there and put a mural on the wall. Tourists come in, they look at it. They would call Butch and call me to come out and tell the tourists about the area.
They want to know how the area came about, redeveloped like it is. So a whole lot of good things came out of him just sitting in that playground that was a dump for like 20-some years. We had a hard time in that place. And when it developed like it is now, the kids are more like -- I've been trying to get them to keep it clean or not. Since he passed, they're doing a lot better with it now too, but not 28 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 breaking the glass, and they coming around, all the guys, they help really keeping it spotless. So last week the Recreation Department came out to clean it. They said, Ain't no cleaning need to be done. They said, We got here, it's already clean. But that's the legacy that Butch always wanted, to keep that playground together. That brings the community together. We have that reunion every year. For 28 years we have our reunion, and the people come down every year. It got bigger and bigger and bigger. So we'd like to have his name -- and Mural Arts is going to put a mural up of him, that we didn't really pick the wall yet, but to keep him in memory. So I would like for y'all to pass this legislation to get it done. Thank you for letting me testify.
Absolutely, and we thank you for your 29 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 testimony.
Let me note that he's now the President of MASCO, which is Mantua and Aspen Street Community Organization. That's MASCO. And when he said his name was Johnny Durham, did not I say all of Mantua is related? As you know, when Lucien Blackwell took office January 3rd, 1976, he succeeded Charlie, Charles Durham, and this is a Durham. So we're all -- everybody is friends and everybody is family and all extended family. Thank you. Thank you, Johnny.
Thank you very much. Anyone else to testify on this bill? (Witness approached witness table.)
Welcome. Please state your name for the record and proceed with your testimony.
Good morning. My name is Albert Smith. I'm leader of the Mantua Leadership Council and I'm also a resident of Mantua. What I'd like to say about Norman -- and I always called him Butch, but I'll say Norman today, because Norman not only just extended himself in Mantua, he reached out and helped a lot of addicts to go to Williamsport and form a bottom picnic annual affair that they have every year in Williamsport that's been going on now almost about ten years, I guess. Also, he helped a lot of people that was incarcerated. He used to go up to the prisons. And he just extended himself to the community. I mean, it will take all day to really talk about the good things that he did from a life-style that we had when we was gang guys, you know. I have a lot of 31 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 respect for him, because he's offered his service, he offered his organization, his home to us, because we didn't have a place to meet for our organization. So he extended us a Wednesday night meeting. He drove the drug dealers out of there. He was a mentor for a lot of the young guys that people don't even know about that -- like drill teams that he would have come in there. He had students that was playing music and stuff that would meet there on Saturdays. He always had room for everybody. He worked tremendously hard, not just his sick days, just every day. Butch was always giving, giving. I never seen a guy that was a former gang member give so much back. And Maurice and Butch were brothers, but they were from different areas in that bottom, and we would watch Butch come home every night. So he put his legacy down back in the '60s on us as young boys, and now the work that he did, he gave us everything, 32 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 and I'm proud that his name and his mural will go up there for him, because that's one guy that deserve that. I even think that he need to go on a library about some of the community service. They need to write a book about guys that do community service. Mr. Young, he does it also and Mantua Leadership, MCIC, and it's a lot of different organizations that we are former gang members, some of us are former drug addicts, like myself. I've been clean years. Butch 14 instrumented a lot of people, and he 15 touched a lot of people. 16 I don't think there's going to 17 be two Butches. I don't think there's 18 going to be two of them. But I'd like to say I'm glad that God gave me the strength to be here to testify for him and to everybody that know Butch, like they said, he didn't talk. He just did. He did. He did. His actions showed, you know. He just -- he touched everybody, and he touched a lot of young people that 33 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 have a lot of things -- I ain't talking about the guys that's confused and out here and doing a lot of things that's wrong because nobody has gotten them the right way. He got at a lot of young guys that I knew that a year before they were troubled guys, they was confused, they was gun-carrying guys. When they seen Butch coming, it was like they seen Jesus, and he put -- they had a level of respect for him that young boys don't have for old heads. They called us old heads out of a fad, but when I was coming up, you call your old head "old head," because that's what you earned. And he said you was a young boy, you earned that. And Butch was an old head and I'm proud to say it. I'm not going to say no more. I'd like to thank you for having the opportunity to speak on his behalf. Thank you.
We thank you very, very much for your testimony, 34 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 sir.
Thank you very much. I'd note Butch was always -- he went to prisons every week visiting people every week.
Is there anyone else to testify on Bill No. 9 100283? (Witness approached witness table.)
Good morning. My name Muhammad Abdul Thahir and I'm the Outreach Coordinator for MCIC, and I'm also the Executive Director of the Muslim Christian Alliance of Philadelphia. You know, I'm a man of a few words. I know that when a person does good and the people around him start noticing that and they speak about that, then we know that God is pleased. So I made a prayer that God touch everybody's heart here and allow this changeover to 35 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 happen for him and his family. And not only for that, maybe the people in the community would like look at the changeover and stay on a straight path and stay focused. You know what I mean? So they can help themselves and they family. So I appreciate you listening to me. God bless you and keep you safe.
We thank you for your testimony, indeed. This concludes testimony on Bill No. 100283. This concludes the public hearing on the Committee on Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs. We will now go into a public meeting. The Chair recognizes Councilwoman Jannie Blackwell for a motion on Bill No. 100283.
Thank you, Madam Chairman. I move that Bill 23 No. 100283 be reported out of Committee with a favorable recommendation and a recommendation that the rules of Council 36 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 be suspended so as to permit first reading at our next session of Council. (Duly seconded.)
This bill 6 has been properly moved and seconded that Bill No. 100283 be reported out of this Committee with a favorable recommendation and that the rules of Council be suspended so as to permit first reading at the next scheduled session of City Council. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
Seeing none, this bill has been moved and properly seconded and, furthermore, the rules of Council have been suspended so as to permit first reading at the next Council session. This concludes this hearing. 37 5/24/10 - PARKS - BILL 100283 We thank you all for your testimony. (Committee on Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs concluded at 11:45 a.m.) - - - 38 CERTIFICATE I HEREBY CERTIFY that the proceedings, evidence and objections are contained fully and accurately in the stenographic notes taken by me upon the foregoing matter on May 24, 2010, and that this is a true and correct transcript of same. -------------------- MICHELE L. MURPHY RPR-Notary Public (The foregoing certification of this transcript does not apply to any reproduction of the same by any means, unless under the direct control and/or supervision of the certifying reporter.)