It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. Chief Clerk, please read the title of the resolution.
A privileged resolution honoring the Black Brain Campaign for a decade of dedicated work to destigmatize mental health in the Black community by providing mental health services and culturally competent training for clinicians. Introduced by Councilmember Cindy Bass on behalf of Council President Johnson.
Chair recognizes Councilmember Cindy Bass for a 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Mr. President. I move for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. Chair recognizes Councilmember Anthony Phillips.
I'm good (inaudible). 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING
Okay. I got you. Understood. I understand. I understand. Say less. Chair recognizes Mr. Clerk. Please read the resolution please.
A privileged resolution celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Philadelphia Police Department's "Women in Patrol" and honoring five decades of women's service and leadership in law enforcement. Introduced by Councilmember Cindy Bass on behalf of Council President Johnson.
The Chair recognizes Councilmember Cindy Bass for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Mr. President. On your behalf, I move 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. For the record, Member Jones, are you on that resolution, sir?
Okay. Thank you very much. 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING Chief Clerk, please read the title of the resolution please.
A privileged resolution recognizing and honoring the National Council of Negro Women, Inc. (NCNW) for its unwavering commitment to empowering women, strengthening families, advancing educational and economic opportunities, promoting health equity, advocating for social justice, and uplifting communities. Introduced by Councilmember Cindy Bass.
Chair recognizes the Councilmember Cindy Bass for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Mr. President. I move for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.) 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. Chief Clerk, please read the title of the next resolution.
A privileged resolution recognizing October 2026 as National Breast Cancer Awareness Month in the City of Philadelphia and honoring survivors, advocates and all those affected by breast cancer. Introduced by Councilmember Nina Ahmad on behalf 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING of Council President Johnson.
Chair recognizes Councilmember Dr. Nina Ahmad for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Council President. I move for the adoption of the resolution on your behalf. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING Mr. Clerk, please read the title of the resolution.
A privileged resolution recognizing October 2026 as Vision Awareness Month in the City of Philadelphia and honoring Overbrook School for the Blind leadership in advancing education, technology and access for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Introduced by Councilmember Nina Ahmad.
Chair recognizes Councilmember Dr. Nina Ahmad for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Council President. This was co-introduced with Councilmember Jones. I move for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.) COUNCIL PRESIDENT 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING JOHNSON: It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it and the resolution is adopted. Mr. Clerk, please read the title of the resolution.
A privileged resolution authorizing the Committee on Public Health and Human Services to hold hearings to investigate the impacts of reductions to Medicaid coverage under H.R. on Philadelphia residents, our healthcare providers, and service 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING organizations, and to examine the City of Philadelphia’s strategy and preparedness to address those impacts. Introduced by Councilmember Nina Ahmad.
Chair recognizes Councilmember Dr. Nina Ahmad for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Council President. I move for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
Anyone opposed? 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING (No response.)
The ayes have it. The resolution is adopted. I just want to say, Dr. Ahmad, that's good work because the cuts actually start today, October 1st, for SNAP and Medicaid. So we have our work cut out for us. But local government is on the front line so we will meet the moment. Mr. Clerk, please read the title of the resolution, sir.
A privileged resolution recognizing October 2026 as Menopause Awareness Month in the City of Philadelphia to affirm the importance of ending the stigma and cultural silence surrounding menopause and to acknowledge it as a natural biological process that significantly impacts the physical 10/1/26 - STATED - 2ND READING and emotional well-being of many individuals. Introduced by Councilmember Nina Ahmad.
Chair recognizes Councilmember Dr. Nina Ahmed for a motion on the resolution.
Thank you, Mr. President. I move for the adoption of the resolution. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that the resolution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it and the resolution is adopted. Mr. Clerk, any other resolutions?
There are no 7 further resolutions in my possession, Council President.
Thank you very much. That concludes our Calendar for today. Are there any speeches on behalf of the Minority? Chair recognizes Councilmember Nicolas O'Rourke.
Thank you, Mr. President. Really brief -- actually, I didn't even have a speech today, but I did want to remark since you made the point around Medicaid and SNAP getting cut today. I want to appreciate the entire Committee on the Innovative Economy that joined us yesterday for our Cost of Living Report hearing. This report is a product of the Cost of Living Task Force of the City Council of Philadelphia. Now, in my two and a half, almost three years being in this body, I've learned a little bit about government and I respect that. Many of us find our lanes and we can get territorial about our lanes. But in light of that context, I wanted to make sure that I clarified that this report is not a Nic project. This report, as I was explaining to Councilman Phillips, this report is a grab bag. If there is anybody in this body that sees something in there that you feel like you can get with, maybe there's a piece in there that you can't, there's some other parts that you can, please have at it. The idea is that these are experts who are experienced in their work, that have put in over a year's worth of time compiling this report that identifies what is in each one of those categories, driving up the cost of living. And there's about or actionable policy ideas to help drive it back down. Not one single thing will do it if we did it across the board, like kind of a unilateral approach, maybe or at that time, that could actually help bring it down. I just want to clarify again, this isn't just for me and my little trophy. This is what the Council of the City of Philadelphia is offering as it relates to addressing the cost of living and affordability in the City of Philadelphia. Thank you, Mr. President.
Thank you. Job well done as well. Speeches on behalf of the Majority. Chair recognizes Councilmember Anthony Phillips. He ain't turn off that light either. It's like minutes ago, but 15 learned from the best. Go ahead, 16 Dr. Anthony Phillips, sir. The 17 floor is yours. 18
19 Thank you, Council President. 20 And greetings to my colleagues and, most importantly, to all of our neighbors across Philadelphia, especially our 9th District. Last month Rutgers University released research showing that something alarming is happening. 70% of mice in Philadelphia region now carry genetic mutations that make them resistant to poison, where we've experienced this for a lot of decades. Rats are now in the Northeast. Rats aren't mutating the same way, but they're evolving just as fast. So we're learning to -- they're learning to avoid traps and they're getting smarter by the day. Pest control companies in our city are running seven days a week, fully booked and they're still barely keeping up. This is not a minor problem. This is an epidemic. The science is clear. Poisons alone are no longer the answer. Experts tell us it will take years to develop new pesticides. So what do we do? Right now we have to go back to the basics. Prevention, sanitation, removing the conditions where these rodents thrive. That's why this resolution I introduced today demands that we do something different. We're calling on the Department of Public Health to treat this like the public health emergency it is. We're calling on Licenses and Inspections to enforce our sanitation codes with real teeth, declaring it an emergency, not continuing to give people these cure periods. Notify them that we're in an emergency. Let them know that they have a week or so to get it together, and any condition that is causing rodents to happen deserves an immediate fine, and it needs to stick and needs to stay. There's no more 90-day cure period, 60-day cure period, fix it. In addition to that, we're calling on Sanitation to get the resources it needs to remove food and shelter that attract these rodents in the first place. We can no longer just have a few bad actors on the block who continue to put their trash out in the back, in the front, cause disruption for the good actors in our neighbors who are suffering through this rodent problem in the Northeast. So this isn't about blame. It's about accepting that our old playbook in the City of Philadelphia to take down rodents and rats is not working. And we got to act smarter. So we're asking for clear responsibilities, clear metrics, and public reporting on what's happening. I expect the team from Public Health, Licenses and Inspections and Sanitation to go out in the Northeast within the next week or so with a blitz saying, here's what we're going to do. I'm not saying -- don't tell me what block. I'm saying the entire Oxford Circle literally, literally educating people on what needs to be done, doing an abatement plan and then following up to make sure that this is clean, safe and habitable. If this is happening in certain areas of the city, they would be in a rush in a barnstorm. There's no reason why one area of the city should suffer like this for a long period of time. It has to happen. So let's show them what a problem is, the city that we're serious about it. And I hope that we have some urgency and intelligence to this rat problem in Oxford Circle and Castor Gardens. Thank you. (Applause.)
Thank you for that, Member Phillips. It's the little things that take care of the big things that we have to pay attention to. President Johnson, members of this body, and those of you who are paying attention out in the community, we had an opportunity to have a wonderful State of the Union address in the 4th District. We represent about 157,000 people. Senator Hughes, Amen Brown, Morgan Cephas, Tarik Khan and Roni Green were at that town hall. All of the things that you are doing here fit within that microcosm of my district. And the way we want to fit them in, President, is in four quarters. I talk about this all the time. There's the seniors. We are looking at legislation on senior safety, which includes a security guard in the lobby or a camera with a live eye on it, protecting those individuals from 9:00 to 6:00 a.m., 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. That's one aspect of it. A manifest, that when someone comes in looking at Auntie, they know which ones are the departments where people have mobility issues so that if the lights go out and the fire is going, let's go to that apartment first to save that individual, common sense. The third quarter are people who are in the workforce already. I call them ALICE, Access Limited, Income Constricted and Employed, the working poor. They worked all their life. They're trying to maintain their assets, people in Overbrook Park that can't qualify for a lot of the housing programs that we passed that they pay for, they can't get. So they have to make critical decisions on how to maintain their properties. We want to look out for that quarter. So I'm looking to work with those in the housing space to make sure that if you make $2 more, let's figure out how to get them in. The second quarter are young people that are entering the workforce, I'm looking at you, Caroline, that have entered the workforce that want to enjoy a quality of life similar, if not better, than their parents. They want to be able to afford a mortgage. They want to be able to afford a meal. They want to be able to afford the cost of living. And when we start talking about minimum wage, the minimum wage for the state of Pennsylvania is $7 plus. Who can live off of that? So we want to look out for them to make sure that they have opportunities to live a life that their parents had. The first quarter, first quarter, precious babies are in the education space, Member Thomas. They should be able to know that my school will be open in June, that Lankenau will be open in June, that Overbrook Elementary will be there for them, because of nothing they have done other than perform excellently. 100% graduation rates at Overbrook. Where do they do that at, where they do that at, at Overbrook. And so, we need to not fix what ain't broke. We should be leery of closures of schools that are based on opportunities to develop. We're going to pay attention and put them in those four categories. My name is Kurt Jones. You got my word on it. (Applause.)
Thank you very much, Member Jones. Chair recognizes Councilmember -- and very well said. Chair recognizes Councilmember Jim Harrity.
Thank you, Council President. I'm glad that we're talking about rats now. I've been talking about them in Kensington for a while. Maybe now that they made it up to the Northeast, we might get some help down in Kensington --
If I would have known that's all it would take, I would have brought some of my Kensington rats up to the Northeast. But you definitely don't want the rats we got.
All joking aside, Saturday, October 3, 2026 at 8:00 a.m., check-in at 7:00 a.m., we have the Smokin' Joe Frazier Walk, Run, Roll. Baby, come out. A stronger Philadelphia moves forward. We all are welcome. Come out and support the Frazier Foundation. You know, as the Champ said himself, I fought for my city, I fought for my people, I never backed down. Let's show him some respect and get out there and walk, run and roll October 3rd, Saturday. Thank you, Council President.
Thank you very much. Councilmember Rue Landau.
Thank you, Council President. Today I was proud to introduce two resolutions in support of Philadelphia's LGBTQ+ community. National Coming Out Day is a moment each year where the LGBTQ+ community and our allies celebrate living as your authentic self, reflecting on how far we've come, the fight for equity and committing to a future where everyone is free to be who they are and who they love. Each queer person's coming out story is personal, but sadly, not every story ends with affirmations from loved ones. As Philadelphia's first openly LGBTQ+ member of City Council, I want to remind anyone who has come out, anyone who plans to come out one day or anyone who is still coming to terms with their identity, you belong, you are worthwhile and you have community here in Philadelphia. Right now the ACLU is tracking 5531 anti-LGBTQ+ bills in the U.S. In 2026, 63 bills targeting our trans and non-binary residents have passed in this country. My straight and cisgender colleagues, I know you stand with me as allies in the fight for LGBTQ+ equity. But remember that just because Philly is loud and proud to be queer, the same cannot be said across the country and across the Commonwealth. And it is our duty as elected officials to stand up against this kind of hateful legislation. Fostering inclusivity and reject hate and bigotry as the norm. This leads to why I introduced my other resolution 22 recognizing October as LGBTQ+ History Month in Philadelphia from the annual reminders outside Independence Hall in the 1960s to the first Gay Pride March in 1972, to the passage of extensive anti- discrimination laws, Philadelphia has fought for our rights. It's why I'm even able to sit up here today as a proudly out Councilmember. This is the City of Brotherly Love, Sisterly Affection and Sibling Solidarity. And no homophobic or anti-trans rhetoric at the federal level or even right here in Philadelphia is going to change that. Thank you to Mayor Deuso, the first openly trans mayor in the Commonwealth, both for coming out, for being part of our state's history and for all you've done, not just for Downingtown, but for all of us. And today I was also proud to introduce a resolution 1 recognizing October 4th to 10th as Digital Inclusion Week in the City of Philadelphia. In today's modern world, digital equity, digital literacy and digital equity solutions are just a few of the technology barriers residents can face. Too many Philadelphians deal with barriers when it comes to accessing resources and tools online due to limited resources and access. In order to live, learn and work, digital inclusion must be a part of creating a better Philadelphia for all. Thank you to Jonathan Latko from Temple University and to Kate Rivera from TLC for speaking to the importance of this value during public comment today. And additionally, I introduced a resolution recognizing this October as Cybersecurity Awareness Month in Philadelphia. Data privacy is a massive concern for our city and consumers and, lack thereof, puts Philadelphians at risk. Please use this month as a reminder to stay alert, update your passwords and enable protections like multi-factor authentication on all devices. Don't let your personal information fall at risk. Thank you very much for your time.
Thank you, Rue. Chair recognizes Dr. Nina Ahmad.
Thank you, Council President. Let me start by saying today is about access. Access for our most vulnerable, access for those who silently suffer, access for those of us who move through the world with unique needs that are never met, which is why I introduced a privileged resolution 6 today. And I thank my colleagues for voting to pass this to authorize the Committee on Public Health and Human Services to hold hearings to explore the impacts of reductions to Medicaid under H.R. 1 on Philadelphia's healthcare providers and service organizations. As of today, H.R. 1, state governments are now responsible for 75% of administrative costs as of October 1st, compared to 50% in the past. A 25% increase in administrative costs is significant and a heavy lift for any government. This is an act of moral cruelty and one which will hurt many Philadelphians, including 1.4 million immigrants here legally who are expected to lose their benefits under these cuts. Access is also why I introduced a resolution recognizing October 2026 as Menopause Awareness Month in Philadelphia. Along with this resolution, my Bill No. 250849 goes into effect starting January 1, 2027. The purpose of today's resolution and all my work regarding menopause and menstruation is to end the culture of stigma and silence around these issues, and to give people access to the support and care they need to live their full lives. These are natural processes and so many of us go through that. It is about time we normalize it. My final piece of legislation was a resolution I co-introduced with Councilmember Curtis Jones to recognize October 2026 as Vision Awareness Month in Philadelphia and honors the Overbrook School for Blind. Organizations like Overbrook lead the way in advancing education, technology and access for individuals with vision impairment. And I'm thankful for the work we do. Lastly, but not least, I want to say we need to save the Academy of Natural Sciences. As of yesterday, Drexel formally closed the Public Museum of the Academy. And they currently claim that the Academy is not actually closed. Only the public museum is closed. Let me know this -- there is much more to come. This is effectively the closure of the museum. And we cannot let anyone use public relations messages to get their way out of this. The Legislative Oversight Committee hearing is scheduled on October 7th to explore how the Academy's public museum came to be at risk and put the conversation on public record to make sure all of the hundreds of emails and phone calls we are getting from people who are deeply, deeply upset to know what exactly happened and we owe it to Philadelphia. With that, I yield back my time. Thank you, Council President.
Thank you very much. Chair recognizes Councilmember Jeffrey Jay Young.
Thank you, Mr. President. I first want to echo some of the sentiments of my colleague regarding the Academy. We took my son there on Sunday just to visit the Academy. And we ended up in the protest march from the Academy to City Hall to keep that place open. And it was a real lesson that I got to teach my son, while we were out there, the importance of those learning institutions. And I was talking to grown adults. And they just turned and looked, who had no idea who I was, right, I'm just in this space. They were just thanking me for teaching my son and showing my son those lessons, the importance of these types of spaces. And a grown man turned to me and said -- he started crying. He started crying because of what that institution means to him. And I was there with my son and my wife. My wife looked at me, we looked at each other and she basically said, you got to do something, right, you got to do something. So I know it all comes down to economics. But there are ways that we can help and there is help that was offered. So looking forward to the conversation continuing about how we can help this institution maintain its public-facing space. Because that is what I am fighting for as a member of City Council, fighting for the public good of that space. And we want to make sure that the public can continue to have access to that learning space. Because again, that space is the first space in the country to have the dinosaurs erect, right, like the first place in the country, you know, to have some of these artifacts. And as we are celebrating the 250th year of America, it's just sad that we see the closing of an institution like the Academy of Natural Sciences. And we know that there are issues, right. There are financial issues. But I think again we can work around that, work through that to ensure that these learning spaces are protected here in our city. I also want to honor again and recognize Mr. Samuel Staten, Jr. here in City Council as we presented him with the resolution and street sign, officially renaming the street today in his honor. This designation is to honor his life, his leadership and his enduring contributions, not only just to organize labor here in the City of Philadelphia, but to working families to the people of the City of Philadelphia. Because if you saw the people who were standing up behind us there, they weren't members of the Union, right. They were Philadelphians that, again as I mentioned, keep this city going. They are nonprofit leaders. They're community leaders, right. They are people who believe in this city and people who Mr. Staten has invested in through his leadership to make sure our city continues to thrive. So I want to thank everyone who joined him today. Your presence again speaks volumes of the lasting impact of his leadership. And Mr. Staten, thank you for your service and thank you for your commitment to working people here in the City of Philadelphia. We all heard your story today. And it's a privilege to help ensure that your contributions are permanently recognized by the city. Today we also introduced a resolution honoring Lieutenant Greg Brown on his retirement. We heard some of the words of former Mayor John Street had to speak about Lieutenant Brown. I want to thank him for his service and recognize him for his commitment, 40 years of his commitment to the Philadelphia Police Department and serving our city. There's always talk about police officers in the city and reforming police. Well, you can't reform something without understanding what it is, right. And having a friend like Lieutenant Brown, to really understand that police are our folks. They're our people, they're our friends. They're our community. And we need to be able to understand how those institutions work so we can reform them to make sure that our communities stay protected. So again, congratulations to Lieutenant Brown.
I wish you and your family all the best as you begin this next chapter in your retirement. We unfortunately had to postpone the street renaming for Coach Ham of Ben Franklin due to weather. We can't predict the weather, but we are working on a new date. We're going to be celebrating this legendary coach, this mentor, this educator. This remains a priority for me so I want to let all those who love him know that we are working on a new date. But in the spirit, I remember Councilmember Jones mentioned, you know, sharing Lemon Hill today. In the spirit of that sharing, this Saturday, October 3rd is Norf Philly Day: The Family Reunion. It is at Chalmers Park at 29th and Chalmers and 29th and Lehigh, which is actually in the 4th Council District, in that spirit of sharing, Mr. President. , Councilmember Brooks supporting us as well, with All In The Family CDC, Shadow Trax Media Arts. This is a celebration of North Philly, of the people, the culture, the businesses, the community organizations. We've had over 150 vendors who are registered. There will be free food and there are performances throughout the day. We have headline performances, Zay Money who actually just met President Bill Clinton. We have the Philly Destiny Band. We have something for all ages again. So if you're a Millennial or an older Millennial, we have singer Res. And if you're one of my old heads, we have the Philly Intruders for you as well. So we have some folks for all generations of the City of Philadelphia in North Philly. So come on out, bring your friends, bring your family to come celebrate Norf Philly Day with us. That is this Saturday, again from 12:00 to 7:00. And we are bringing back the wrestling that we had again as well. So it's going to be a great time this Saturday. I know there are a lot of things happening in North Philly on Saturday for the community, but it's to bring community out, to bring community together to fellowship, to get to know each other again, right, to talk amongst each other, again to celebrate being in North Philly. And so, as you know the weather postponed our original date, but we are bringing this back this Saturday again, Norf Philly Day, Chalmers Playground. Come on out. But before I'm heading to Chalmers on Saturday, I'll be in Fairmount where we have a street renaming after Councilmember Bill 24 Greenlee. Bill Greenlee is someone who has always been a supporter of our community. It will be an opportunity to recognize his years of public service and his lasting contributions to Philadelphia and to the Fairmount community. So I look forward to joining his family, his colleagues and neighbors for this celebration. And last but not least, Mr. Council President, next week, next Tuesday, October 6th, from 5:00 to 7:00 at Lab Charter School, 926 Sedgley, we are continuing our Quality of Life Town Hall Series, where these meetings give community an opportunity to speak directly to representatives from city departments, our partner organizations, speak to me directly as we discuss public safety, sanitation, neighborhood cleanliness, L&I and Streets concerns as well as property taxes here in the city. It's going to be followed by an open question-and- answer session. And again, the questions are to me and other city departments. So I encourage any neighbor to attend. Bring your questions and help us identify the issues that need attention in your community. Mayor Street mentioned constituent services as the bread and butter as the backbone of what we do. Well, this is what we're doing, bringing the service directly to you in these neighborhoods with our Quality of Life Town Hall Series. So again, October 6th will be at Lab Charter School at 926 Sedgley. October 14th, we're going to be at Hartranft School. So please mark your calendars. Your input helps us guide the work that we do in the 5th Council District to improve your quality of life. Thank you, Mr. President.
Thank you very much. Very well done. As there are no more speeches, the Chair recognizes the Councilmember Isaiah Thomas for a motion to adjourn.
Thank you, Council President. I move that Council stands adjourned until Thurs --
Chair -- oh, I'm sorry. Chair recognizes Councilmember Cindy Bass.
Thank you, Mr. President. I won't be long at all. I just wanted to let everyone know --
I just wanted to let everyone know that our street renaming ceremony for former Councilmember Donna Reed Miller of course was rained out last week. And at the request of the family, it is likely that we're going to be doing that some time next spring. So I just wanted to let everyone know that. And also, the ribbon- cutting that we had scheduled also for last week due to the rain was postponed and will be some time this fall. We will get a new date and make sure everyone is aware. Thank you, Mr. President.
Thank you very much, Deputy Whip Bass. Any other speeches? (No response.)
Chair recognizes Councilmember Isaiah Thomas for a motion to adjourn.
Thank you, Council President. I move that Council stands adjourned until Thursday, October 8, 2026 at 10:00 a.m. (Duly seconded.)
It has been moved and properly seconded that Council stands adjourned on Thursday, October 8th at 10:00 a.m. All those in favor signify by saying aye. (Aye.)
The ayes have it. The motion carries. Thank you all very much. - - - (Stated Meeting adjourned at 1:35 p.m.) - - - C E R T I F I C A T I O N I, hereby certify that the proceedings and evidence noted are contained fully and accurately in the stenographic notes taken by me in the foregoing matter, and that this is a correct transcript of the same. ________________________________ TANEHA CARROLL